Uncertainty estimation by the concept of virtual instruments

For the calibration of length standards and instruments, various methods are available for which usually an uncertainty according to the GUM (Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurements) can be set up. However, from calibration data of a measuring instrument it is not always evident what the uncertainty will be in an actual measurement (or calibration) using that calibrated instrument. Especially where many measured data are involved, such as in CMM measurements, but also in typical dimensional geometry measurements such as roughness, roundness and flatness measurements, setting up an uncertainty budget according to the GUM for each measurement can be tedious and even impossible. On the other hand, international standards require that for a proof of the conformance to specifications, the measurement uncertainty must be taken into account. Apart from this it is not so consistent that a lot is invested in the calibration of instruments where it is still unclear what the uncertainty is of measurements carried out with these 'calibrated' instruments. In this paper it is shown that the 'standard' GUM-uncertainty budget can be modified in several ways to accommodate more complicated measurements. Also, it is shown how this budget can be generated automatically by the measuring instrument, by the simulation of measurements by instruments with alternative metrological characteristics, so called virtual instruments