The etiology of pressure ulcers : skin deep or muscle bound?

Pressure sores are areas of soft tissue breakdown resulting from sustained mechanical loading of the skin and underlying tissues that affect the quality of life of many individuals. Despite considerable efforts to prevent pressure sores, prevalence figures are unacceptably high. This can at least partly be attributed to limited knowledge of the aetiology of the clinical condition and the fact that identification and prevention of pressure sores mainly focus on skin tissue, even though the underlying muscle tissue may be more susceptible to mechanical loading.The present paper proposes a new, hierarchical research approach to obtain improved insights into the basic pathways whereby mechanical loading leads to soft tissue breakdown. This approach investigates the relationships between 1) global mechanical loading at skin level, 2) the resulting local internal mechanical conditions within the soft tissue layers extending from skin to muscle tissue, and 3) the pathophysiological response to loading. The latter response should be assessed from the various functional tissue units involved in soft tissue breakdown, being the cells, the interstitial space, and blood and lymph vessels. It is foreseen that the proposed strategy will provide new fundamental knowledge about the etiology of pressure sores that can serve as a sound basis for effective clinical identification and prevention.