Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education for Industry 4.0 in Technical and Vocational High Schools: Investigation of Teacher Professional Development

Teachers reported a culture of collaboration in their school, increased teacher and student motivation, and positive attitudes toward TVET with implementation of the STEM PD program. The results point to the need to help teachers in designing certain aspects of STEM lesson plans including the integration of mobile programming, robotic programming and virtual reality meaningfully into the lesson content. Further implications for research and practice are presented in light of the findings.