Implementing biophilic design in architecture through three-dimensional green spaces: Guidelines for building technologies, plant selection, and maintenance

With the growing interest in biophilic design for health, well-being, and sustainability, a large variety of plant-integrated building designs have emerged over the past two decades. The integration of plants into buildings is complex because it requires an in-depth understanding of various challenges and considerations. Current guidelines are mostly limited to two-dimensional green surfaces (e.g. green roofs and walls) and are inadequate for richer types of three-dimensional (3D) green spaces. This study aimed to identify the key requirements for creating 3D green spaces (termed ‘green pockets’) in buildings and to develop tailored guidelines for green pockets regarding building technologies, plant configurations, and maintenance. A mixed-method approach including case studies, interviews, site observations, and document analysis was used to examine three representative examples of green pockets in biophilic buildings. We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and experts involved in these projects, including the clients, designers, engineers, advisors, and property managers. Based on the findings, we developed a framework to guide green pocket design with key considerations for practical applications. We compiled implementation guidelines covering the construction criteria and technical installations, suggestions for plant selection and arrangement, and maintenance actions for the lasting operation of green pockets. This research is significant in providing design teams and decision-makers with a reference guide for implementing biophilic design in architectural practices, helping them understand the complex challenges of green pocket designs and collaborate on solutions to optimise performance in actual use. The research also stimulates further exploration of more sustainable ‘green’ architecture.