Immobilization of MSWI fine by-products

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) produces a number of by-products: fly ashes, bottom ash and air pollution control residues. All these materials contain certain levels of contaminants, such as heavy metals, chlorides and suphates among others, which are higher than the accepted limits for environmental protection in the Netherlands. Therefore, these contaminants need to be immobilized before the consideration of MSWI by-products as possible building materials. In this study, a number of MSWI by-products are characterized in terms of their physical, chemical and environmental properties. Based on these, immobilisates are designed and tested. Depending on their properties, reuse routes are suggested for these materials.