High frame rate multi-perspective cardiac ultrasound imaging using phased array probes

Peilu Liu; Hein de Hoop; Hans-Martin Schwab; Richard G.P. Lopata

doi:10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106701

High frame rate multi-perspective cardiac ultrasound imaging using phased array probes

Peilu Liu (Corresponding author), Hein de Hoop, Hans-Martin Schwab, Richard G.P. Lopata

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Ultrasound (US) imaging is used to assess cardiac disease by assessing the geometry and function of the heart utilizing its high spatial and temporal resolution. However, because of physical constraints, drawbacks of US include limited field-of-view, refraction, resolution and contrast anisotropy. These issues cannot be resolved when using a single probe. Here, an interleaved multi-perspective 2-D US imaging system was introduced, aiming at improved imaging of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart by acquiring US data from two separate phased array probes simultaneously at a high frame rate. In an ex-vivo experiment of a beating porcine heart, parasternal long-axis and apical views of the left ventricle were acquired using two phased array probes. Interleaved multi-probe US data were acquired at a frame rate of 170 frames per second (FPS) using diverging wave imaging under 11 angles. Image registration and fusion algorithms were developed to align and fuse the US images from two different probes. First- and second-order speckle statistics were computed to characterize the resulting probability distribution function and point spread function of the multi-probe image data. First-order speckle analysis showed less overlap of the histograms (reduction of 34.4%) and higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR, increase of 27.3%) between endocardium and myocardium in the fused images. Autocorrelation results showed an improved and more isotropic resolution for the multi-perspective images (single-perspective: 0.59 mm × 0.21 mm, multi-perspective: 0.35 mm × 0.18 mm). Moreover, mean gradient (MG) (increase of 74.4%) and entropy (increase of 23.1%) results indicated that image details of the myocardial tissue can be better observed after fusion. To conclude, interleaved multi-perspective high frame rate US imaging was developed and demonstrated in an ex-vivo experimental setup, revealing enlarged field-of-view, and improved image contrast and resolution of cardiac images.

Originele taal-2	Engels
Artikelnummer	106701
Aantal pagina's	10
Tijdschrift	Ultrasonics
Volume	123
DOI's	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106701
Status	Gepubliceerd - jul. 2022

Bibliografische nota

Funding Information:
This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged.

Funding Information:
This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors

Financiering

This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged. This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Richard Lopata reports financial support was provided by European Research Council.

Financiers	Financiernummer
European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme
European Research Council
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme	757958

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10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106701

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title = "High frame rate multi-perspective cardiac ultrasound imaging using phased array probes",

abstract = "Ultrasound (US) imaging is used to assess cardiac disease by assessing the geometry and function of the heart utilizing its high spatial and temporal resolution. However, because of physical constraints, drawbacks of US include limited field-of-view, refraction, resolution and contrast anisotropy. These issues cannot be resolved when using a single probe. Here, an interleaved multi-perspective 2-D US imaging system was introduced, aiming at improved imaging of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart by acquiring US data from two separate phased array probes simultaneously at a high frame rate. In an ex-vivo experiment of a beating porcine heart, parasternal long-axis and apical views of the left ventricle were acquired using two phased array probes. Interleaved multi-probe US data were acquired at a frame rate of 170 frames per second (FPS) using diverging wave imaging under 11 angles. Image registration and fusion algorithms were developed to align and fuse the US images from two different probes. First- and second-order speckle statistics were computed to characterize the resulting probability distribution function and point spread function of the multi-probe image data. First-order speckle analysis showed less overlap of the histograms (reduction of 34.4\%) and higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR, increase of 27.3\%) between endocardium and myocardium in the fused images. Autocorrelation results showed an improved and more isotropic resolution for the multi-perspective images (single-perspective: 0.59 mm × 0.21 mm, multi-perspective: 0.35 mm × 0.18 mm). Moreover, mean gradient (MG) (increase of 74.4\%) and entropy (increase of 23.1\%) results indicated that image details of the myocardial tissue can be better observed after fusion. To conclude, interleaved multi-perspective high frame rate US imaging was developed and demonstrated in an ex-vivo experimental setup, revealing enlarged field-of-view, and improved image contrast and resolution of cardiac images.",

keywords = "Echocardiography, High frame rate, Image enhancement, Image fusion, Image registration, Multi-perspective, Speckle statistics, Ultrasound, Heart/diagnostic imaging, Algorithms, Animals, Swine, Ultrasonography, Phantoms, Imaging",

author = "Peilu Liu and \{de Hoop\}, Hein and Hans-Martin Schwab and Lopata, \{Richard G.P.\}",

note = "Funding Information: This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged. Funding Information: This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors",

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doi = "10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106701",

language = "English",

volume = "123",

journal = "Ultrasonics",

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AU - Liu, Peilu

AU - de Hoop, Hein

AU - Schwab, Hans-Martin

AU - Lopata, Richard G.P.

N1 - Funding Information: This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged. Funding Information: This work is part of the MUSE project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC starting grant 757958). The efforts in building the mini-arch for the ex-vivo beating porcine hearts experiments by Jurgen Bulsink, employed by Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, Netherlands) are kindly acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors

PY - 2022/7

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N2 - Ultrasound (US) imaging is used to assess cardiac disease by assessing the geometry and function of the heart utilizing its high spatial and temporal resolution. However, because of physical constraints, drawbacks of US include limited field-of-view, refraction, resolution and contrast anisotropy. These issues cannot be resolved when using a single probe. Here, an interleaved multi-perspective 2-D US imaging system was introduced, aiming at improved imaging of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart by acquiring US data from two separate phased array probes simultaneously at a high frame rate. In an ex-vivo experiment of a beating porcine heart, parasternal long-axis and apical views of the left ventricle were acquired using two phased array probes. Interleaved multi-probe US data were acquired at a frame rate of 170 frames per second (FPS) using diverging wave imaging under 11 angles. Image registration and fusion algorithms were developed to align and fuse the US images from two different probes. First- and second-order speckle statistics were computed to characterize the resulting probability distribution function and point spread function of the multi-probe image data. First-order speckle analysis showed less overlap of the histograms (reduction of 34.4%) and higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR, increase of 27.3%) between endocardium and myocardium in the fused images. Autocorrelation results showed an improved and more isotropic resolution for the multi-perspective images (single-perspective: 0.59 mm × 0.21 mm, multi-perspective: 0.35 mm × 0.18 mm). Moreover, mean gradient (MG) (increase of 74.4%) and entropy (increase of 23.1%) results indicated that image details of the myocardial tissue can be better observed after fusion. To conclude, interleaved multi-perspective high frame rate US imaging was developed and demonstrated in an ex-vivo experimental setup, revealing enlarged field-of-view, and improved image contrast and resolution of cardiac images.

AB - Ultrasound (US) imaging is used to assess cardiac disease by assessing the geometry and function of the heart utilizing its high spatial and temporal resolution. However, because of physical constraints, drawbacks of US include limited field-of-view, refraction, resolution and contrast anisotropy. These issues cannot be resolved when using a single probe. Here, an interleaved multi-perspective 2-D US imaging system was introduced, aiming at improved imaging of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart by acquiring US data from two separate phased array probes simultaneously at a high frame rate. In an ex-vivo experiment of a beating porcine heart, parasternal long-axis and apical views of the left ventricle were acquired using two phased array probes. Interleaved multi-probe US data were acquired at a frame rate of 170 frames per second (FPS) using diverging wave imaging under 11 angles. Image registration and fusion algorithms were developed to align and fuse the US images from two different probes. First- and second-order speckle statistics were computed to characterize the resulting probability distribution function and point spread function of the multi-probe image data. First-order speckle analysis showed less overlap of the histograms (reduction of 34.4%) and higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR, increase of 27.3%) between endocardium and myocardium in the fused images. Autocorrelation results showed an improved and more isotropic resolution for the multi-perspective images (single-perspective: 0.59 mm × 0.21 mm, multi-perspective: 0.35 mm × 0.18 mm). Moreover, mean gradient (MG) (increase of 74.4%) and entropy (increase of 23.1%) results indicated that image details of the myocardial tissue can be better observed after fusion. To conclude, interleaved multi-perspective high frame rate US imaging was developed and demonstrated in an ex-vivo experimental setup, revealing enlarged field-of-view, and improved image contrast and resolution of cardiac images.

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KW - Speckle statistics

KW - Ultrasound

KW - Heart/diagnostic imaging

KW - Algorithms

KW - Animals

KW - Swine

KW - Ultrasonography

KW - Phantoms, Imaging

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High frame rate multi-perspective cardiac ultrasound imaging using phased array probes

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