Comprehensive review and state of play in the use of photovoltaics in buildings

The integration of renewable energy technologies in architecture is crucial for achieving low-carbon buildings and cities. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) represent a dynamic intersection of energy technology and sustainable construction practices. Despite the numerous available products, BIPV installations remain limited, highlighting a global need for upscaling and capacity building. This paper comprehensively analyzes BIPV technology, covering advancements, challenges, and prospects. It examines BIPV integration into architectural designs, focusing on aesthetics, design flexibility, and product diversity. Key technological breakthroughs and innovative approaches are highlighted. The review also assesses the standardization and certification of BIPV systems, emphasizing standardized practices for quality and safety. Economic feasibility is a crucial focus, with an in-depth examination of factors influencing BIPV costs. The paper synthesizes existing literature to analyze the cost-effectiveness and economic sustainability of BIPV systems through life cycle cost analyses. Additionally, it explores novel integration options offered by digital design processes. This review stands out by providing an in-depth synthesis of technological advancements, market scenarios, and regulatory environments affecting BIPV. It integrates a multidisciplinary perspective, encompassing technological, economic, and policy dimensions from applied-oriented research and industry experience. The main contributions emphasize the importance of BIPV in architectural designs, economic viability, and digital design benefits. Overall, this review is a valuable resource for understanding BIPV's role in sustainable buildings, guiding future research, and informing policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in renewable energy, architecture, and sustainable construction.