Brain-Computer Interfaces Using Flexible Electronics: An a-IGZO Front-End for Active ECoG Electrodes

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are evolving toward higher electrode count and fully implantable solutions, which require extremely low power densities (<15mW cm⁻²). To achieve this target, and allow for a large and scalable number of channels, flexible electronics can be used as a multiplexing interface. This work introduces an active analog front-end fabricated with amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinx-Oxide (a-IGZO) Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) on foil capable of active matrix multiplexing. The circuit achieves only 70nV per sqrt(Hz) input referred noise, consuming 46µW, or 3.5mW cm⁻². It demonstrates for the first time in literature a flexible front-end with a noise efficiency factor comparable with Silicon solutions (NEF = 9.8), which is more than 10X lower compared to previously reported flexible front-ends. These results have been achieved using a modified bootstrap-load amplifier. The front end is tested by playing through it recordings obtained from a conventional BCI system. A gesture classification based on the flexible front-end outputs achieves 94% accuracy. Using a flexible active front end can improve the state-of-the-art in high channel count BCI systems by lowering the multiplexer noise and enabling larger areas of the brain to be monitored while reducing power density. Therefore, this work enables a new generation of high channel-count active BCI electrode grids.