Borders and frontiers in global and transnational history: introduction

In the last 25 years or so, global and transnational history have grown into an incontrovertible research agenda, investigating how all sorts of circulations, entanglements, and connections shaped modern history. At the same time, this research agenda has been criticized for underestimating the study of historically important formations such as the nation-state, Europe, or world systems—which persist despite a cavalcade of connections piercing their boundaries.