The Importance and Challenges Associated with Multi-scale Heterogeneity for Geological Storage

Understanding multi-scale heterogeneity in porous media has become increasingly critical as the world transitions from fossil fuel production to geological storage of CO2 and H2for climate change mitigation. This commentary examines why small-scale heterogeneities have taken on a heightened importance in modeling subsurface fluid migration. We identify three key factors: increased public scrutiny and stricter permitting requirements for storage projects, different risk tolerances requiring long-term monitoring, and distinct flow physics compared to traditional oil and gas extraction. Drawing from current research, we demonstrate how current models consistently underestimate CO2plume spread, likely due to inadequate representation of small-scale heterogeneities, which will also heavily impact H2 storage in porous rocks. We review the current state of research on incorporating small-scale heterogeneities into field scale models, discuss relevant spatial scales for both CO2 and H2 storage applications, and highlight promising directions for future research in this critical area.