Sound transmission in slowly varying circular and annular ducts with flow

Sound transmission through straight circular ducts with a uniform inviscid mean flow and a constant acoustic lining (impedance wall) is classically described by a modal expansion. A natural extension for ducts with axially slowly varying properties (diameter and mean flow, wall impedance) is a multiple-scales solution. It is shown in the present paper that a consistent approximation of boundary condition and isentropic mean flow allows the multiple-scales problem to have an exact solution. Since the calculational complexities are no greater than for the classical straight duct model, the present solution provides an attractive alternative to a full numerical solution if diameter variation is relevant. A unique feature of the present solution is that it provides a systematic approximation to the hollow-to-annular cylinder transition problem in the turbofan engine inlet duct.