Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Ilkka Laakso; Maarten M. Paulides; Sachiko Kodera; Seungyoung Ahn; Christopher L Brace; Marta Cavagnaro; Ji Chen; Zhi-De Deng; Valerio De Santis; Yinliang Diao; Lourdes Farrugia; Mauro Feliziani; Serena Fiocchi; Francesco Fioranelli; Takashi Hikage; Sergey N Makaroff; Maya Mizuno; Alexander Opitz; Emma MacPherson; Punit Prakash; Dario Rodrigues; Kensuke Sasaki; Takuya Sakamoto; Zachary Taylor; Hubregt Visser; Desmond Teck Beng Yeo; Akimasa Hirata

doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Ilkka Laakso (Corresponding author)
, Maarten M. Paulides
, Sachiko Kodera
, Seungyoung Ahn
, Christopher L Brace
, Marta Cavagnaro
, Ji Chen
, Zhi-De Deng
, Valerio De Santis
, Yinliang Diao
, Lourdes Farrugia
, Mauro Feliziani
, Serena Fiocchi
, Francesco Fioranelli
, Takashi Hikage
, Sergey N Makaroff
, Maya Mizuno
, Alexander Opitz
, Emma MacPherson
, Punit Prakash

Dario Rodrigues, Kensuke Sasaki, Takuya Sakamoto, Zachary Taylor, Hubregt Visser, Desmond Teck Beng Yeo, Akimasa Hirata (Corresponding author)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

6 Citations (Scopus)

48 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

This roadmap provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the individualized application and safety of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) dosimetry in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Covering a wide range of frequencies, i.e., from low-frequency to terahertz, this document provides an overview of the current state of the art and anticipates future research needs in selected key topics of NIR-based medical applications. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized dosimetry, rigorous safety evaluation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration of NIR technologies in modern therapy and diagnosis.

Original language	English
Article number	ae22b8
Number of pages	62
Journal	Physics in Medicine and Biology
Volume	71
Issue number	3
Early online date	21 Nov 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8
Publication status	Published - 14 Feb 2026

Bibliographical note

Creative Commons Attribution license.

Keywords

brain stimulation
diagnostic applications
dosimetry
implant safety
personalized medicine
thermal therapy
Precision Medicine/methods
Humans
Safety
Radiometry/methods

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10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

pdfFinal published version, 2.24 MBLicence: CC BY

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.21165Licence: Unspecified

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Laakso, I., Paulides, M. M., Kodera, S., Ahn, S., Brace, C. L., Cavagnaro, M., Chen, J., Deng, Z.-D., De Santis, V., Diao, Y., Farrugia, L., Feliziani, M., Fiocchi, S., Fioranelli, F., Hikage, T., Makaroff, S. N., Mizuno, M., Opitz, A., MacPherson, E., ... Hirata, A. (2026). Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 71(3), Article ae22b8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

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abstract = "This roadmap provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the individualized application and safety of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) dosimetry in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Covering a wide range of frequencies, i.e., from low-frequency to terahertz, this document provides an overview of the current state of the art and anticipates future research needs in selected key topics of NIR-based medical applications. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized dosimetry, rigorous safety evaluation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration of NIR technologies in modern therapy and diagnosis.",

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year = "2026",

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day = "14",

doi = "10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8",

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Laakso, I, Paulides, MM, Kodera, S, Ahn, S, Brace, CL, Cavagnaro, M, Chen, J, Deng, Z-D, De Santis, V, Diao, Y, Farrugia, L, Feliziani, M, Fiocchi, S, Fioranelli, F, Hikage, T, Makaroff, SN, Mizuno, M, Opitz, A, MacPherson, E, Prakash, P, Rodrigues, D, Sasaki, K, Sakamoto, T, Taylor, Z, Visser, H, Yeo, DTB & Hirata, A 2026, 'Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications', Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 71, no. 3, ae22b8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ae22b8

Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications. / Laakso, Ilkka (Corresponding author); Paulides, Maarten M.; Kodera, Sachiko et al.
In: Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 71, No. 3, ae22b8, 14.02.2026.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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AU - Makaroff, Sergey N

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AU - Opitz, Alexander

AU - MacPherson, Emma

AU - Prakash, Punit

AU - Rodrigues, Dario

AU - Sasaki, Kensuke

AU - Sakamoto, Takuya

AU - Taylor, Zachary

AU - Visser, Hubregt

AU - Yeo, Desmond Teck Beng

AU - Hirata, Akimasa

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KW - implant safety

KW - personalized medicine

KW - thermal therapy

KW - Precision Medicine/methods

KW - Humans

KW - Safety

KW - Radiometry/methods

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SN - 0031-9155

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JO - Physics in Medicine and Biology

JF - Physics in Medicine and Biology

IS - 3

M1 - ae22b8

ER -

Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Abstract

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Keywords

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