TY - JOUR
T1 - Road marking BRDF model applicable for a wide range of incident illumination conditions
AU - Spieringhs, Rik Marco
AU - Audenaert, Jan
AU - Smet, Kevin
AU - Heynderickx, Ingrid
AU - Hanselaer, Peter
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgment. The first author was supported by the Rijkswaterstaat.
PY - 2023/3/1
Y1 - 2023/3/1
N2 - To drive safely and comfortably, an adequate contrast between the road surface and road markings is needed. This contrast can be improved by using optimized road illumination designs and luminaires with dedicated luminous intensity distributions, taking advantage of the (retro)reflective characteristics of the road surface and road markings. Since little is known about road markings’ (retro)reflective characteristics for the incident and viewing angles relevant for street luminaires, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)-values of some retroreflective materials are measured for a wide range of illumination and viewing angles using a luminance camera in a commercial near-field goniophotometer setup. The experimental data are fitted to a new and optimized “RetroPhong” model, which shows good agreement with the data [root mean squared error (RMSE) < 0.13, normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) < 0.04, and the normalized cross correlation ratio (NCC) > 0.8]. The RetroPhong model is benchmarked with other relevant (retro)reflective BRDF models, and the results suggest that the RetroPhong model is most suitable for the current set of samples and measurement conditions.
AB - To drive safely and comfortably, an adequate contrast between the road surface and road markings is needed. This contrast can be improved by using optimized road illumination designs and luminaires with dedicated luminous intensity distributions, taking advantage of the (retro)reflective characteristics of the road surface and road markings. Since little is known about road markings’ (retro)reflective characteristics for the incident and viewing angles relevant for street luminaires, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)-values of some retroreflective materials are measured for a wide range of illumination and viewing angles using a luminance camera in a commercial near-field goniophotometer setup. The experimental data are fitted to a new and optimized “RetroPhong” model, which shows good agreement with the data [root mean squared error (RMSE) < 0.13, normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) < 0.04, and the normalized cross correlation ratio (NCC) > 0.8]. The RetroPhong model is benchmarked with other relevant (retro)reflective BRDF models, and the results suggest that the RetroPhong model is most suitable for the current set of samples and measurement conditions.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85151792210&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1364/JOSAA.470968
DO - 10.1364/JOSAA.470968
M3 - Article
C2 - 37133042
AN - SCOPUS:85151792210
SN - 1084-7529
VL - 40
SP - 590
EP - 601
JO - Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science and Vision
JF - Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science and Vision
IS - 3
ER -