Abstract
Salinity gradient energy is currently attracting growing attention among the scientific community as a renewable energy source. In particular, Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) is emerging as one of the most promising membrane-based technologies for renewable energy generation by mixing two solutions of different salinity. This work presents a critical review of the most significant achievements in RED, focusing on membrane development, stack design, fluid dynamics, process optimization, fouling and potential applications. Although RED technology is mainly investigated for energy generation from river water/seawater, the opportunities for the use of concentrated brine are considered as well, driven by benefits in terms of higher power density and mitigation of adverse environmental effects related to brine disposal. Interesting extensions of the applicability of RED for sustainable production of water and hydrogen when complemented by reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, bio-electrochemical systems and water electrolysis technologies are also discussed, along with the possibility to use it as an energy storage device. The main hurdles to market implementation, predominantly related to unavailability of high performance, stable and low-cost membrane materials, are outlined. A techno-economic analysis based on the available literature data is also performed and critical research directions to facilitate commercialization of RED are identified.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 290-331 |
Number of pages | 42 |
Journal | Applied Energy |
Volume | 225 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Sept 2018 |
Funding
The financial support of The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) under the Program “Erasmus Mundus Doctorate in Membrane Engineering”-EUDIME (FPA 2011-0014) is kindly acknowledged. Ramato A. Tufa acknowledges the financial support of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and innovation pro-gramme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions IF Grant agreement No. 748683 . This work was also supported by the Associated Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry- Clean Processes and Technologies- LAQV, which is financed by Portuguese National Funds from FCT/MEC ( UID/QUI/50006/2013 ) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER – 007265 ). Sylwin Pawlowski would like to acknowledge support from the Nova.ID.FCT – Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento da FCT for his research grant.
Keywords
- Fouling
- Hydrogen production
- Ion exchange membranes
- Low-energy desalination
- Reverse electrodialysis
- Salinity Gradient Power
- Techno-economic ANALYSIS