Optimization of Solar Façade Tilt Angles to Mitigate Grid Congestion

The increasing integration of solar photovoltaics (PV) presents significant challenges for electricity grids, particularly grid congestion, which disrupts energy distribution and reduces operational efficiency. Solar façades have emerged as a promising solution to this issue, generating electricity primarily during periods of high demand. This paper proposes an optimization framework to maximize the energy yield of solar façades by optimizing their tilt angles, thereby balancing energy generation profiles and alleviating grid congestion. The optimization problem is addressed using a differential evolution algorithm, with the solution further refined through sequential least squares quadratic programming. Several simulation scenarios including buildings equipped with solar façades, rooftop PV panels, and heat pumps are modeled on an IEEE 33-node system to assess solar energy generation and its impact on grid congestion. The results demonstrate that adjusting the tilt angles of solar façades can optimize energy output, mitigate grid congestion, align demand-generation profiles, and enhance overall grid performance.