Multi-agent systems in climate-resilient land-use planning: a review

With the gradual evolution of human land-use patterns, climate and land-use change have become increasingly intertwined, requiring integrated strategies for sustainable management. Climate-resilient land-use (CRLU) planning offers a promising path to address the challenge. Multi-agent systems (MAS) are well positioned to facilitate CRLU planning by capturing the dynamic interactions between climate change and the human-landscape systems. This review analyzed 68 studies on CRLU planning simulated through MAS, focusing on two key components: agents and their behaviors, and interactions between climatic influences and human-landscape system. The findings show direct and indirect relationships between climate change and human agents and landscape agents. The findings also identify two types of climatic influences and reveal that CRLU policies primarily affect human agents, while changing climate conditions interact more with landscape agents. Furthermore, future research directions were identified from human agent behaviors in response to climate change and the roles of climatic influences in human-landscape interactions.