Abstract
Plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfNx thin films using tris(dimethylamino)cyclopentadienylhafnium [CpHf(NMe2)3] as the Hf precursor and H2 plasma as the reducing co-reactant is reported. We previously concluded that the HfNx films prepared for a grounded substrate (0 V substrate potential) exhibited a rather high electrical resistivity of 9.0 × 10-1 Ω cm. In the present work, we show a steady decrease in the electrical resistivity by two orders of magnitude to 3.3 × 10-3 Ω cm upon increasing the time-averaged substrate potential up to -130 V by externally biasing the substrate. A further increase in potential up to -187 V led to an increase in electrical resistivity to 1.0 × 10-2 Ω cm. The variations in electrical resistivity with the potential were found to correlate with the extent of grain boundary scattering in the films, which significantly decreased upon increasing the potential up to -130 V, primarily due to major changes in the film chemical composition. The latter consisted in a decrease in O content from 20.1 at% under no bias to ≤ 2 at% for a potential of -130 V and an associated increase in the Hf3+ fraction from 0.65 to 0.82. The latter is key to the development of low resistivity δ-HfN. A further increase in potential to -187 V led to an increase in grain boundary scattering as a consequence of a major decrease in grain size as well as in-grain crystallinity. In view of advanced nanoelectronic devices, the HfNx layers were also deposited on 3D trench nanostructures at a potential of -130 V. A low oxygen content in the HfNx film was measured on both the planar and vertical topographies of the trenches. Overall, the time-averaged substrate potential has been shown to highly affect the chemical composition, microstructure and the associated electrical properties of the HfNx layers and can be used to tailor the HfNx film properties.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 3917-3926 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Journal of Materials Chemistry C |
Volume | 6 |
Issue number | 15 |
Early online date | 12 Mar 2018 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 21 Apr 2018 |
Funding
The authors thank Dr Mike Cooke, Dr Vincent Vandalon, Dr Janne-Petteri Niemeläand Dr Harm Knoops for fruitful discussions. LAM research is acknowledged for preparing and providing the coupons with trench nanostructures and B. Barcones is acknowledged for the FIB preparation of the TEM samples, and Cristian van Helvoirt and Jeroen van Gerwen for the skillful technical assistance. The authors would also like to thank Vivek Beladiya (University of Jena) for the meaningful stress measurements. Solliance and the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant are acknowledged for funding the TEM facility. This work was supported financially by Technologiestichting STW through the project LIMIET. Air Liquide is kindly acknowledged for providing the Hf precursor.