Evaluation and modelling of perpendicular to grain embedment strength

Different test setups for determining perpendicular to grain embedment strength of timber have been reported in literature. In addition, different definitions of strength have been used associated with the deformation level underneath the fastener. It is shown that all reported experimental results can be related, which enables comparison on a common basis. Furthermore, several models for embedment strength perpendicular to the grain which primarily depend on timber density (specific gravity) and fastener diameter are evaluated. It is shown that the model currently prescribed by the European structural timber design code [Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) EN 1995-1-1: 2004: Eurocode 5-design of timber structures. Part 1.1: general rules and rules for buildings. CEN, Brussels, 2004] is unable to accurately predict the strength and an alternative is proposed. This may result in more reliable timber connections in applying the European Yield Model to determine the connection strength. © 2009 The Author(s).