Abstract
Nonlinear behavior in the hopping transport of interacting charges enables reconfigurable logic in disordered dopant network devices, where voltages applied at control electrodes tune the relation between voltages applied at input electrodes and the current measured at an output electrode. From kinetic Monte Carlo simulations we analyze the critical nonlinear aspects of variable-range hopping transport for realizing Boolean logic gates in these devices on three levels. First, we quantify the occurrence of individual gates for random choices of control voltages. We find that linearly inseparable gates such as the xor gate are less likely to occur than linearly separable gates such as the and gate, despite the fact that the number of different regions in the multidimensional control voltage space for which and or xor gates occur is comparable. Second, we use principal-component analysis to characterize the distribution of the output current vectors for the (00,10,01,11) logic input combinations in terms of eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the output covariance matrix. This allows a simple and direct comparison of the behavior of different simulated devices and a comparison to experimental devices. Third, we quantify the nonlinearity in the distribution of the output current vectors necessary for realizing Boolean functionality by introducing three nonlinearity indicators. The analysis provides a physical interpretation of the effects of changing the hopping distance and temperature and is used in a comparison with data generated by a deep neural network trained on a physical device.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 024063 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | Physical Review Applied |
Volume | 22 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Aug 2024 |
Funding
This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through Project No. 433682494\u2013SFB 1459. We thank Dr. Unai Alegre-Ibarra for setting up the GitHub repository to make the KMC code publicly available .
Funders | Funder number |
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Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | 433682494–SFB 1459 |