Bioinspired light-driven soft robots based on liquid crystal polymers

Nature is a constant source of inspiration for materials scientists, fueling the dream of mimicking life-like motion and tasks in untethered, man-made devices. Liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) programmed to undergo three-dimensional shape changes in response to light are promising materials for fulfilling this dream. The successful development of autonomous, highly controlled light-driven soft robots calls for an understanding of light-driven actuation, advancements in material function and performance, and progress in engineering principles for transforming actuation into life-like motions, from simple bending to walking, for example. This tutorial review includes an introduction to liquid crystal (LC)-based materials and highlights developments in light-responsive LC polymers, shape programmability and sustained motions to finally achieve bioinspired untethered soft robots able to perform locomotion and tasks.