Ballistic Phonons in Ultrathin Nanowires

Daniel Vakulov; Subash Gireesan; Milo Y. Swinkels; Ruben Chavez; Tom Vogelaar; Pol Torres; Alessio Campo; Marta De Luca; Marcel A. Verheijen; Sebastian Koelling; Luca Gagliano; Jos E.M. Haverkort; F. Xavier Alvarez; Peter A. Bobbert; Ilaria Zardo; Erik P.A.M. Bakkers

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00320

Ballistic Phonons in Ultrathin Nanowires

Daniel Vakulov, Subash Gireesan, Milo Y. Swinkels, Ruben Chavez, Tom Vogelaar, Pol Torres, Alessio Campo, Marta De Luca, Marcel A. Verheijen, Sebastian Koelling, Luca Gagliano, Jos E.M. Haverkort, F. Xavier Alvarez, Peter A. Bobbert, Ilaria Zardo, Erik P.A.M. Bakkers (Corresponding author)

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Abstract

According to Fourier's law, a temperature difference across a material results in a linear temperature profile and a thermal conductance that decreases inversely proportional to the system length. These are the hallmarks of diffusive heat flow. Here, we report heat flow in ultrathin (25 nm) GaP nanowires in the absence of a temperature gradient within the wire and find that the heat conductance is independent of wire length. These observations deviate from Fourier's law and are direct proof of ballistic heat flow, persisting for wire lengths up to at least 15 μm at room temperature. When doubling the wire diameter, a remarkably sudden transition to diffusive heat flow is observed. The ballistic heat flow in the ultrathin wires can be modeled within Landauer's formalism by ballistic phonons with an extraordinarily long mean free path.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2703-2709
Number of pages	7
Journal	Nano Letters
Volume	20
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00320
Publication status	Published - 8 Apr 2020

Funding

We would like to acknowledge Rob van der Heijden, Riccardo Rurali, Michel de Jong, Bernd Gotsmann, Ali Shakouri, and Chris Palmstrøm for valuable feedback on the manuscript. This work has been supported by the European Research Council (ERC 617256 and 756365), the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), and the Swiss National Science Foundation research grant (project grant no. 165784). We acknowledge Solliance, a solar energy R&D initiative of ECN, TNO, Holst, TU/e, imec and Forschungszentrum Jülich, and the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant for funding the TEM facility. This work is part of the Industrial Partnership Programme (IPP) “Computational sciences for energy research” of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research Institutes (NWO-I). This research program is co-financed by Shell Global Solutions International B.V. We acknowledge financial support by the Spain’s Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades under grant No. RTI2018-097876-B-C21 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE).

Funders	Funder number
Research Centre Julich (FZJ)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación	RTI2018-097876-B-C21
European Union's Horizon 2020 - Research and Innovation Framework Programme	756365
H2020 European Research Council	ERC 617256
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung	165784
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie

Keywords

ballistic phonons
GaP
heat transport
Nanowires
Raman spectroscopy

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10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00320

publishers versionFinal published version, 6.14 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

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title = "Ballistic Phonons in Ultrathin Nanowires",

abstract = "According to Fourier's law, a temperature difference across a material results in a linear temperature profile and a thermal conductance that decreases inversely proportional to the system length. These are the hallmarks of diffusive heat flow. Here, we report heat flow in ultrathin (25 nm) GaP nanowires in the absence of a temperature gradient within the wire and find that the heat conductance is independent of wire length. These observations deviate from Fourier's law and are direct proof of ballistic heat flow, persisting for wire lengths up to at least 15 μm at room temperature. When doubling the wire diameter, a remarkably sudden transition to diffusive heat flow is observed. The ballistic heat flow in the ultrathin wires can be modeled within Landauer's formalism by ballistic phonons with an extraordinarily long mean free path.",

keywords = "ballistic phonons, GaP, heat transport, Nanowires, Raman spectroscopy",

author = "Daniel Vakulov and Subash Gireesan and Swinkels, {Milo Y.} and Ruben Chavez and Tom Vogelaar and Pol Torres and Alessio Campo and {De Luca}, Marta and Verheijen, {Marcel A.} and Sebastian Koelling and Luca Gagliano and Haverkort, {Jos E.M.} and Alvarez, {F. Xavier} and Bobbert, {Peter A.} and Ilaria Zardo and Bakkers, {Erik P.A.M.}",

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AU - Vakulov, Daniel

AU - Gireesan, Subash

AU - Swinkels, Milo Y.

AU - Chavez, Ruben

AU - Vogelaar, Tom

AU - Torres, Pol

AU - Campo, Alessio

AU - De Luca, Marta

AU - Verheijen, Marcel A.

AU - Koelling, Sebastian

AU - Gagliano, Luca

AU - Haverkort, Jos E.M.

AU - Alvarez, F. Xavier

AU - Bobbert, Peter A.

AU - Zardo, Ilaria

AU - Bakkers, Erik P.A.M.

PY - 2020/4/8

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N2 - According to Fourier's law, a temperature difference across a material results in a linear temperature profile and a thermal conductance that decreases inversely proportional to the system length. These are the hallmarks of diffusive heat flow. Here, we report heat flow in ultrathin (25 nm) GaP nanowires in the absence of a temperature gradient within the wire and find that the heat conductance is independent of wire length. These observations deviate from Fourier's law and are direct proof of ballistic heat flow, persisting for wire lengths up to at least 15 μm at room temperature. When doubling the wire diameter, a remarkably sudden transition to diffusive heat flow is observed. The ballistic heat flow in the ultrathin wires can be modeled within Landauer's formalism by ballistic phonons with an extraordinarily long mean free path.

AB - According to Fourier's law, a temperature difference across a material results in a linear temperature profile and a thermal conductance that decreases inversely proportional to the system length. These are the hallmarks of diffusive heat flow. Here, we report heat flow in ultrathin (25 nm) GaP nanowires in the absence of a temperature gradient within the wire and find that the heat conductance is independent of wire length. These observations deviate from Fourier's law and are direct proof of ballistic heat flow, persisting for wire lengths up to at least 15 μm at room temperature. When doubling the wire diameter, a remarkably sudden transition to diffusive heat flow is observed. The ballistic heat flow in the ultrathin wires can be modeled within Landauer's formalism by ballistic phonons with an extraordinarily long mean free path.

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Ballistic Phonons in Ultrathin Nanowires

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Keywords

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