Auxiliary model review for design analysis of hybrid electric heavy-duty long-haul Vehicles

The upcoming of CO2 emission legislations for heavy-duty long-haul vehicles, causes a shift of the focus of powertrain design for heavy-duty vehicles towards the reduction of CO2 emissions. In order to combine several interesting complex solutions for CO2 reduction, such as hybridization of the powertrain, electrification of auxiliaries and the use of a waste heat recovery system, an integrated powertrain design optimization has to be performed. This requires to incorporate all components of the vehicle to be integrated in the optimization process, and thereby requires design analysis models of all vehicle components. In this work, we focus on modeling of two electrified auxiliary components; the power steering unit and the air compressor. An overview will be given of the type of models currently used in literature, which will be evaluated on whether they are suitable for an integrated design optimization process. This will be followed by an discussion of ideas for future research. The trade off between accuracy and computational efficiency of the models is one of the key parameters in this study.