Adaptive ECMS : a causal set-theoretic method for equivalence factor estimation

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for online estimating the equivalence factor in the equivalent consumption minimization strategies (ECMS). The solution concept is divided into two parts: the state unconstrained energy management problem where one constant equivalence factor is to be estimated and the state constrained energy management problem where the estimation needs to be refreshed from time to time. Under suitable assumptions, the estimation procedure localizes a non-increasing interval containing the correct equivalence factor. The proposed method is simulated and compared to various strategies on several drive-cycles where a robust performance in terms of fuel economy is observed.