3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells

Alessandro Caiazzo; Arthur Maufort; Bas T. van Gorkom; Willemijn H.M. Remmerswaal; Jordi Ferrer Orri; Junyu Li; Junke Wang; Wouter T.M. van Gompel; Kristof Van Hecke; Gunnar Kusch; R.A. Oliver; Caterina Ducati; Laurence Lutsen; Martijn M. Wienk; Samuel D. Stranks; Dirk Vanderzande; René A.J. Janssen

doi:10.1021/acsaem.3c00101

3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells

Alessandro Caiazzo, Arthur Maufort, Bas T. van Gorkom, Willemijn H.M. Remmerswaal, Jordi Ferrer Orri, Junyu Li, Junke Wang, Wouter T.M. van Gompel, Kristof Van Hecke, Gunnar Kusch, R.A. Oliver, Caterina Ducati, Laurence Lutsen, Martijn M. Wienk, Samuel D. Stranks, Dirk Vanderzande, René A.J. Janssen (Corresponding author)

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Abstract

2H-Benzotriazol-2-ylethylammonium bromide and iodide and its difluorinated derivatives are synthesized and employed as interlayers for passivation of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI₃) solar cells. In combination with PbI₂ and PbBr₂, these benzotriazole derivatives form two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) as evidenced by their crystal structures and thin film characteristics. When used to passivate n-i-p FAPbI₃ solar cells, the power conversion efficiency improves from 20% to close to 22% by enhancing the open-circuit voltage. Quasi-Fermi level splitting experiments and scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging reveal that passivation provides a reduced nonradiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite and hole transport layer. Photoluminescence spectroscopy, angle-resolved grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the 2D/three-dimensional (3D) interface between the benzotriazole RPP and FAPbI₃ show that a nonuniform layer of 2D perovskites is enough to passivate defects, enhance charge extraction, and decrease nonradiative recombination.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	3933–3943
Number of pages	11
Journal	ACS Applied Energy Materials
Volume	6
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c00101
Publication status	Published - 10 Apr 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The research has received funding from the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Gravity program 024.001.035) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research via a Spinoza grant. This work of B.T.v.G. is part of the Advanced Research Center for Chemical Building Blocks, ARC CBBC, which is cofounded and cofinanced by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs (project 2016.03.Tue). W.T.M.v.G., K.V.H., L.L., and D.V. acknowledge the Research Foundation─Flanders (FWO) for the funding of the SBO project PROCEED (S002019N) and the senior FWO research projects G043320N and G0A8723N. A.M. acknowledges the FWO for the funding of his FWO fundamental research PhD grant (1115721N). This study was supported by the Special Research Fund (BOF) of Hasselt University (BOF22PD01). J.F.O. acknowledges funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Nano Doctoral Training Centre (EP/L015978/1).

Keywords

2D perovskites
benzotriazole
FAPbI
passivation
solar cells

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Caiazzo, A., Maufort, A., van Gorkom, B. T., Remmerswaal, W. H. M., Orri, J. F., Li, J., Wang, J., van Gompel, W. T. M., Van Hecke, K., Kusch, G., Oliver, R. A., Ducati, C., Lutsen, L., Wienk, M. M., Stranks, S. D., Vanderzande, D., & Janssen, R. A. J. (2023). 3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 6(7), 3933–3943. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c00101

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title = "3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells",

abstract = "2H-Benzotriazol-2-ylethylammonium bromide and iodide and its difluorinated derivatives are synthesized and employed as interlayers for passivation of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) solar cells. In combination with PbI2 and PbBr2, these benzotriazole derivatives form two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) as evidenced by their crystal structures and thin film characteristics. When used to passivate n-i-p FAPbI3 solar cells, the power conversion efficiency improves from 20% to close to 22% by enhancing the open-circuit voltage. Quasi-Fermi level splitting experiments and scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging reveal that passivation provides a reduced nonradiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite and hole transport layer. Photoluminescence spectroscopy, angle-resolved grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the 2D/three-dimensional (3D) interface between the benzotriazole RPP and FAPbI3 show that a nonuniform layer of 2D perovskites is enough to passivate defects, enhance charge extraction, and decrease nonradiative recombination.",

keywords = "2D perovskites, benzotriazole, FAPbI, passivation, solar cells",

author = "Alessandro Caiazzo and Arthur Maufort and {van Gorkom}, {Bas T.} and Remmerswaal, {Willemijn H.M.} and Orri, {Jordi Ferrer} and Junyu Li and Junke Wang and {van Gompel}, {Wouter T.M.} and {Van Hecke}, Kristof and Gunnar Kusch and R.A. Oliver and Caterina Ducati and Laurence Lutsen and Wienk, {Martijn M.} and Stranks, {Samuel D.} and Dirk Vanderzande and Janssen, {Ren{\'e} A.J.}",

note = "Funding Information: The research has received funding from the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Gravity program 024.001.035) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research via a Spinoza grant. This work of B.T.v.G. is part of the Advanced Research Center for Chemical Building Blocks, ARC CBBC, which is cofounded and cofinanced by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs (project 2016.03.Tue). W.T.M.v.G., K.V.H., L.L., and D.V. acknowledge the Research Foundation─Flanders (FWO) for the funding of the SBO project PROCEED (S002019N) and the senior FWO research projects G043320N and G0A8723N. A.M. acknowledges the FWO for the funding of his FWO fundamental research PhD grant (1115721N). This study was supported by the Special Research Fund (BOF) of Hasselt University (BOF22PD01). J.F.O. acknowledges funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Nano Doctoral Training Centre (EP/L015978/1). ",

year = "2023",

month = apr,

day = "10",

doi = "10.1021/acsaem.3c00101",

language = "English",

volume = "6",

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Caiazzo, A, Maufort, A, van Gorkom, BT, Remmerswaal, WHM, Orri, JF, Li, J, Wang, J, van Gompel, WTM, Van Hecke, K, Kusch, G, Oliver, RA, Ducati, C, Lutsen, L, Wienk, MM, Stranks, SD, Vanderzande, D & Janssen, RAJ 2023, '3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells', ACS Applied Energy Materials, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 3933–3943. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c00101

TY - JOUR

T1 - 3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells

AU - Caiazzo, Alessandro

AU - Maufort, Arthur

AU - van Gorkom, Bas T.

AU - Remmerswaal, Willemijn H.M.

AU - Orri, Jordi Ferrer

AU - Li, Junyu

AU - Wang, Junke

AU - van Gompel, Wouter T.M.

AU - Van Hecke, Kristof

AU - Kusch, Gunnar

AU - Oliver, R.A.

AU - Ducati, Caterina

AU - Lutsen, Laurence

AU - Wienk, Martijn M.

AU - Stranks, Samuel D.

AU - Vanderzande, Dirk

AU - Janssen, René A.J.

N1 - Funding Information: The research has received funding from the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Gravity program 024.001.035) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research via a Spinoza grant. This work of B.T.v.G. is part of the Advanced Research Center for Chemical Building Blocks, ARC CBBC, which is cofounded and cofinanced by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs (project 2016.03.Tue). W.T.M.v.G., K.V.H., L.L., and D.V. acknowledge the Research Foundation─Flanders (FWO) for the funding of the SBO project PROCEED (S002019N) and the senior FWO research projects G043320N and G0A8723N. A.M. acknowledges the FWO for the funding of his FWO fundamental research PhD grant (1115721N). This study was supported by the Special Research Fund (BOF) of Hasselt University (BOF22PD01). J.F.O. acknowledges funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Nano Doctoral Training Centre (EP/L015978/1).

PY - 2023/4/10

Y1 - 2023/4/10

N2 - 2H-Benzotriazol-2-ylethylammonium bromide and iodide and its difluorinated derivatives are synthesized and employed as interlayers for passivation of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) solar cells. In combination with PbI2 and PbBr2, these benzotriazole derivatives form two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) as evidenced by their crystal structures and thin film characteristics. When used to passivate n-i-p FAPbI3 solar cells, the power conversion efficiency improves from 20% to close to 22% by enhancing the open-circuit voltage. Quasi-Fermi level splitting experiments and scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging reveal that passivation provides a reduced nonradiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite and hole transport layer. Photoluminescence spectroscopy, angle-resolved grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the 2D/three-dimensional (3D) interface between the benzotriazole RPP and FAPbI3 show that a nonuniform layer of 2D perovskites is enough to passivate defects, enhance charge extraction, and decrease nonradiative recombination.

AB - 2H-Benzotriazol-2-ylethylammonium bromide and iodide and its difluorinated derivatives are synthesized and employed as interlayers for passivation of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) solar cells. In combination with PbI2 and PbBr2, these benzotriazole derivatives form two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) as evidenced by their crystal structures and thin film characteristics. When used to passivate n-i-p FAPbI3 solar cells, the power conversion efficiency improves from 20% to close to 22% by enhancing the open-circuit voltage. Quasi-Fermi level splitting experiments and scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging reveal that passivation provides a reduced nonradiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite and hole transport layer. Photoluminescence spectroscopy, angle-resolved grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the 2D/three-dimensional (3D) interface between the benzotriazole RPP and FAPbI3 show that a nonuniform layer of 2D perovskites is enough to passivate defects, enhance charge extraction, and decrease nonradiative recombination.

KW - 2D perovskites

KW - benzotriazole

KW - FAPbI

KW - passivation

KW - solar cells

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U2 - 10.1021/acsaem.3c00101

DO - 10.1021/acsaem.3c00101

M3 - Article

C2 - 37064411

AN - SCOPUS:85151362864

SN - 2574-0962

VL - 6

SP - 3933

EP - 3943

JO - ACS Applied Energy Materials

JF - ACS Applied Energy Materials

IS - 7

ER -

3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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CCDC 2228611: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

CCDC 2228614: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

CCDC 2228612: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

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3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

Access to Document

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Datasets

CCDC 2228611: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

CCDC 2228614: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

CCDC 2228612: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

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