2D/3D Hybrid Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite Solar Cells: Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage

Maximilian T. Sirtl; Rik Hooijer; Melina Armer; Firouzeh G. Ebadi; Mahdi Mohammadi; Clément Maheu; Andreas Weis; Bas T. van Gorkom; Sebastian Häringer; René A.J. Janssen; Thomas Mayer; Vladimir Dyakonov; Wolfgang Tress; Thomas Bein

doi:10.1002/aenm.202103215

2D/3D Hybrid Cs₂AgBiBr₆ Double Perovskite Solar Cells: Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage

Maximilian T. Sirtl (Corresponding author), Rik Hooijer, Melina Armer, Firouzeh G. Ebadi, Mahdi Mohammadi, Clément Maheu, Andreas Weis, Bas T. van Gorkom, Sebastian Häringer, René A.J. Janssen, Thomas Mayer, Vladimir Dyakonov, Wolfgang Tress, Thomas Bein (Corresponding author)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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Abstract

Since their introduction in 2017, the efficiency of lead-free halide perovskite solar cells based on Cs₂AgBiBr₆ has not exceeded 3%. The limiting bottlenecks are attributed to a low electron diffusion length, self-trapping events and poor selectivity of the contacts, leading to large non-radiative V_OC losses. Here, 2D/3D hybrid double perovskites are introduced for the first time, using phenethyl ammonium as the constituting cation. The resulting solar cells show an increased efficiency of up to 2.5% for the champion cells and 2.03% on average, marking an improvement by 10% compared to the 3D reference on mesoporous TiO₂. The effect is mainly due to a V_OC improvement by up to 70 mV on average, yielding a maximum V_OC of 1.18 V using different concentrations of phenethylammonium bromide. While these are among the highest reported V_OC values for Cs₂AgBiBr₆ solar cells, the effect is attributed to a change in recombination behavior within the full device and a better selectivity at the interface toward the hole transporting material (HTM). This explanation is supported by voltage-dependent external quantum efficiency, as well as photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing a better energy level alignment and thus a better hole-extraction and improved electron blocking at the HTM interface.

Original language	English
Article number	2103215
Number of pages	12
Journal	Advanced Energy Materials
Volume	12
Issue number	7
Early online date	9 Jan 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103215
Publication status	Published - 17 Feb 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the agreement number 03SF0516B, the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, the Bavarian Network “Solar Technologies Go Hybrid”, the German Science Foundation (DFG) focus program SPP 2196 and the DFG Excellence Cluster e‐conversion (EXC 2089/1‐390776260). The authors thank Dr. Steffen Schmidt for performing the SEM measurements.

Keywords

2D perovskites
2D/3D hybrid perovskites
Cs2AgBiBr6, double perovskites
solar cells
Cs AgBiBr
double perovskites

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Cite this

Sirtl, M. T., Hooijer, R., Armer, M., Ebadi, F. G., Mohammadi, M., Maheu, C., Weis, A., van Gorkom, B. T., Häringer, S., Janssen, R. A. J., Mayer, T., Dyakonov, V., Tress, W., & Bein, T. (2022). 2D/3D Hybrid Cs₂AgBiBr₆ Double Perovskite Solar Cells: Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage. Advanced Energy Materials, 12(7), [2103215]. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103215

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title = "2D/3D Hybrid Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite Solar Cells: Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage",

abstract = "Since their introduction in 2017, the efficiency of lead-free halide perovskite solar cells based on Cs2AgBiBr6 has not exceeded 3%. The limiting bottlenecks are attributed to a low electron diffusion length, self-trapping events and poor selectivity of the contacts, leading to large non-radiative VOC losses. Here, 2D/3D hybrid double perovskites are introduced for the first time, using phenethyl ammonium as the constituting cation. The resulting solar cells show an increased efficiency of up to 2.5% for the champion cells and 2.03% on average, marking an improvement by 10% compared to the 3D reference on mesoporous TiO2. The effect is mainly due to a VOC improvement by up to 70 mV on average, yielding a maximum VOC of 1.18 V using different concentrations of phenethylammonium bromide. While these are among the highest reported VOC values for Cs2AgBiBr6 solar cells, the effect is attributed to a change in recombination behavior within the full device and a better selectivity at the interface toward the hole transporting material (HTM). This explanation is supported by voltage-dependent external quantum efficiency, as well as photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing a better energy level alignment and thus a better hole-extraction and improved electron blocking at the HTM interface.",

keywords = "2D perovskites, 2D/3D hybrid perovskites, Cs2AgBiBr6, double perovskites, solar cells, Cs AgBiBr, double perovskites",

author = "Sirtl, {Maximilian T.} and Rik Hooijer and Melina Armer and Ebadi, {Firouzeh G.} and Mahdi Mohammadi and Cl{\'e}ment Maheu and Andreas Weis and {van Gorkom}, {Bas T.} and Sebastian H{\"a}ringer and Janssen, {Ren{\'e} A.J.} and Thomas Mayer and Vladimir Dyakonov and Wolfgang Tress and Thomas Bein",

note = "Funding Information: The authors acknowledge funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the agreement number 03SF0516B, the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, the Bavarian Network “Solar Technologies Go Hybrid”, the German Science Foundation (DFG) focus program SPP 2196 and the DFG Excellence Cluster e‐conversion (EXC 2089/1‐390776260). The authors thank Dr. Steffen Schmidt for performing the SEM measurements. ",

year = "2022",

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doi = "10.1002/aenm.202103215",

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Sirtl, MT, Hooijer, R, Armer, M, Ebadi, FG, Mohammadi, M, Maheu, C, Weis, A, van Gorkom, BT, Häringer, S, Janssen, RAJ, Mayer, T, Dyakonov, V, Tress, W & Bein, T 2022, '2D/3D Hybrid Cs₂AgBiBr₆ Double Perovskite Solar Cells: Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage', Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 12, no. 7, 2103215. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103215

2D/3D Hybrid Cs₂AgBiBr₆ Double Perovskite Solar Cells : Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage. / Sirtl, Maximilian T. (Corresponding author); Hooijer, Rik; Armer, Melina et al.

In: Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 12, No. 7, 2103215, 17.02.2022.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - 2D/3D Hybrid Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite Solar Cells

T2 - Improved Energy Level Alignment for Higher Contact-Selectivity and Large Open Circuit Voltage

AU - Sirtl, Maximilian T.

AU - Hooijer, Rik

AU - Armer, Melina

AU - Ebadi, Firouzeh G.

AU - Mohammadi, Mahdi

AU - Maheu, Clément

AU - Weis, Andreas

AU - van Gorkom, Bas T.

AU - Häringer, Sebastian

AU - Janssen, René A.J.

AU - Mayer, Thomas

AU - Dyakonov, Vladimir

AU - Tress, Wolfgang

AU - Bein, Thomas

N1 - Funding Information: The authors acknowledge funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the agreement number 03SF0516B, the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, the Bavarian Network “Solar Technologies Go Hybrid”, the German Science Foundation (DFG) focus program SPP 2196 and the DFG Excellence Cluster e‐conversion (EXC 2089/1‐390776260). The authors thank Dr. Steffen Schmidt for performing the SEM measurements.

PY - 2022/2/17

Y1 - 2022/2/17

N2 - Since their introduction in 2017, the efficiency of lead-free halide perovskite solar cells based on Cs2AgBiBr6 has not exceeded 3%. The limiting bottlenecks are attributed to a low electron diffusion length, self-trapping events and poor selectivity of the contacts, leading to large non-radiative VOC losses. Here, 2D/3D hybrid double perovskites are introduced for the first time, using phenethyl ammonium as the constituting cation. The resulting solar cells show an increased efficiency of up to 2.5% for the champion cells and 2.03% on average, marking an improvement by 10% compared to the 3D reference on mesoporous TiO2. The effect is mainly due to a VOC improvement by up to 70 mV on average, yielding a maximum VOC of 1.18 V using different concentrations of phenethylammonium bromide. While these are among the highest reported VOC values for Cs2AgBiBr6 solar cells, the effect is attributed to a change in recombination behavior within the full device and a better selectivity at the interface toward the hole transporting material (HTM). This explanation is supported by voltage-dependent external quantum efficiency, as well as photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing a better energy level alignment and thus a better hole-extraction and improved electron blocking at the HTM interface.

AB - Since their introduction in 2017, the efficiency of lead-free halide perovskite solar cells based on Cs2AgBiBr6 has not exceeded 3%. The limiting bottlenecks are attributed to a low electron diffusion length, self-trapping events and poor selectivity of the contacts, leading to large non-radiative VOC losses. Here, 2D/3D hybrid double perovskites are introduced for the first time, using phenethyl ammonium as the constituting cation. The resulting solar cells show an increased efficiency of up to 2.5% for the champion cells and 2.03% on average, marking an improvement by 10% compared to the 3D reference on mesoporous TiO2. The effect is mainly due to a VOC improvement by up to 70 mV on average, yielding a maximum VOC of 1.18 V using different concentrations of phenethylammonium bromide. While these are among the highest reported VOC values for Cs2AgBiBr6 solar cells, the effect is attributed to a change in recombination behavior within the full device and a better selectivity at the interface toward the hole transporting material (HTM). This explanation is supported by voltage-dependent external quantum efficiency, as well as photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing a better energy level alignment and thus a better hole-extraction and improved electron blocking at the HTM interface.

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KW - Cs AgBiBr

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