Jeanine Duistermaat obtained her PhD in statistical epidemiology in 1997, focusing on modeling family data. In 2005, she received a VIDI grant to conduct research in statistical genetics. In 2010, she was appointed Professor of Genetic Statistics at Leiden University.

Since 2012, her research has also encompassed statistical bioinformatics, with a particular emphasis on integrating multiple omics datasets (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics). This work has been funded by the EU FP7 collaborative grant MIMOmics and the Horizon 2020 MSCA network IMforFUTURE, both of which she coordinated, as well as the ZonMW grants MSA-Omics and SynOD. She also served as Co-Editor of Biometrics, the journal of the International Biometric Society.

In 2015, she became Professor of Data Analytics and Statistics at the University of Leeds, where she initiated a third research line: modeling data along a continuum, such as weather data and images. In 2022, she joined Radboud University as Professor of Statistics. Since 2024, she has been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). In 2025, she was appointed Professor of Applied Statistics at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e).